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Zika virus   2019                                                       
PRECLINICAL  RESEARCH

Zika Neurotropism: what is going on?


Epidemiological experience so far have taught us that approximately 80% of Zika virus (ZIKV) infections go asymptomatic. Those with the development of mild clinical symptoms, harbor the infection with an incubation period of 3 to 13 days usually followed by a one-week course of the disease possibly including rash, minor fever, conjunctivitis, arthralgia and myalgia, regardless of the age and sex of the infected host1.
Like other arboviruses, for cellular entry, ZIKV target different tissue types of the host (by surface adhesion, Zika surface ‘E’ proteins), but its target cell preference and mechanism of damaging target cells have shown some new attributes as of the Central and Latin American epidemics in 2015-2018 (for details see Actuality 2016, 2017, 2018). In these outbreaks, unlike the Zika-Africa and the Zika-Asia lines, the Zika-America virus strains circulating most notably in Brazil, could cause death in utero and in newborn and, could provoke congenital Zika syndrome with the phenotypic manifestation of microcephaly. 

The transplacenta neurotropic and teratogenic potential of ZIKV in embryonic neurogenesis1,2,3; the pathogenic potential of ZIKV in the development of adult neurological (encephalopathy, encephalitis, meningitis, myelitis ...) and autoimmune neurological, haematological disorders (e.g. Guillain-Barré syndrome, immune thrombocytopenia), its role in the exacerbation of existing symptoms 4,5,6,  are now already proven.

In ZIKV-infected hosts if neuropathological phenotype develops, it is putatively maintained by viral stores circulating or residing at body spaces, organs, cells (e.g. in kidneys, cerebrospinal fluid, placenta, microglia cells) providing room for virus proliferation, for evading intracellular cleansing procedures (e.g. autophagy), for continuous replenishment of viral antigens, altogether for the maintenance of virus-induced inflammatory processes even, when the acute disease has been symptomatically resolved. However, confirmation of the putative causal relationship still requires a large number of case studies and laboratory tests 6.
Having exposed to intrauterine ZIKV infection, progenitor cells of neural morphogenesis have been reported with different susceptibility to ZKV virus in a review of studies on concordant (affected-affected) and discordant (affected-healthy) twin pairs born with congenital Zika syndrome7. A total of 2 pairs of monozygotic and 7 pairs of dizygotic twins were tested. Monozygotic twins were all affected. Among dizygotic twins 6 pairs were discordant for congenital Zika syndrome, and 1 pair was concordant for it (both members of the pair were sick). 

In vitro studies in brief:
*  sequencing DNA exome from saliva sample
(whole genome protein coding sequence) 
*  blood sample (CD71+ erythroid cells): human induced pluripotent
stem cells (hiPSCs)>>> producing neural progenitor cells (NPCs)
*  donors discordant for congenital Zika syndrome
in vitro NPCs infected with Brazilian ZIKV strain; cell cultures in 3D growth and development (formation of clusters and neurospheres)
*  48h and 96h post infection: virus detection in culture supernatants   
quantitative determination (RT-qPCR),
PFU test: virus number for forming plaques per unit volume   

*  RNA sequencing, transcriptome analysis
*  
mTOR phosphoprotein panel (labelled antibodies)

Among the results described in the communication, the following are to be highlighted. 
 
*In neural progenitor cells prepared from neonatal blood samples of twins discordant for congenital Zika syndrome, the in vitro expression pattern of key genes determining neural development, differs significantly (e.g. mTOR and Wnt signaling pathways).
*In neural progenitor cells prepared from neonatal blood samples of twins discordant for congenital Zika syndrome, the in vitro susceptibility to additional ZIKV infection (enhanced reproduction of virus, virus induced pathological disorders) in cells from affected twins is significantly higher compared to cells from healthy twins.
*The phenomena described above seem not to be determined by major genes, so one can assume that congenital Zika syndrome is a multifactorial disease, the development of which is also significantly influenced by molecular mechanisms regulating cellular metabolic events in the host.
*The in vitro growth pattern of neural progenitor cells prepared from affected and healthy blood samples proved to be the same. A different in vitro growth pattern was induced by additional ZIKV infection in the cell cultures.
*In developing and regenerating biological systems, including embryonal neurogenesis, multiple divisions of stem cells, progenitor cells create cell mass essential for further developmental steps. Due to cellular gene expression patterns and the interactive and modulating intracellular-extracellular morphogenic guides (e.g. metabolic and patterning signals, intracellular and extracellular signalizations) the cell mass resulting from serial divisions get through a complex highway with milestones of cell migration, cell adhesion, cell determination, differentiation, morphogenesis, and synaptogenesis. The milestones in the process are as well criteria and consequences of each other; crucial error(s) in any of them can result in unbalanced growth, distorted differentiation, impaired morphogenesis, or even teratogenesis. The same stand for adult neural progenitor cell populations capable to divide in the adult (see hippocampus region GD-ZSG, zona subventricularis neurogenic region) 8, 9, 10 .
The significant difference between the in vitro expression pattern of key genes determining neural development of progenitor cells  of affected and healthy twins, is in fact a prospective possibility for distorted neurogenesis provoked by intrauterine ZIKV infection. From this prospective possibility the pathological realization will not come as a rule; additional in vitro ZIKV infection as inducer was needed  for the pathological "overwriting" of gene expression pattern when determining the distortion.
The above seem to be proven by life, since - fortunately - ZIKV-infected pregnancies do not end in congenital Zika syndrome, provided that infection occurs relatively late, after the 25th week of gestation 11.  
Increased susceptibility of neural progenitor cells to ZIKV infection has been confirmed in animal experiments and in vitro organoid cultures12. In ZIKV-infected progenitor cells, cell cycle shifts were also observed, i.e. cells were occasionally stopped in G1, S, or G2 phases of the cycle, often lacking cell division (M phase). Since other Flaviviruses were lacking this characteristic, it was therefore assessed as a Zika-specific effect. 13.
Thus, in neural progenitor cells, ZIKV infection interferes with the cell cycle; this interference prevents the formation of the cell mass essential for neurogenesis (corticogenesis), consequently it serves as a passport for deformations (chromosome aberrations, mitochondrial defects, size changes ...) to occur 14.


1. Musso D.,Ko A.I.,Baud D. (2019): Zika Virus Infection - After the Pandemic   N.Engl.J.Med. 381: 1444 - 1457.  DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra1808246
2. Mlakar J. et al. (2016): Zika virus associated with microcephaly     N.Engl.J.Med 374: 951-958.
3. Shapiro-Mendoza C.K. et al. (+51) (2017): Pregnancy Outcomes After Maternal Zika Virus Infection During Pregnancy - U.S. Territories, January 1, 2016 - April 25, 2017     MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 66: 615-621.  PMCID: PMC5657842
4. Dirlikov E. et al.(+16)(2018): Clinical Features of Guillain-Barré Syndrome With vs Without Zika Virus Infection, Puerto Rico, 2016   JAMA Neurol. 2018 Sep; 75(9): 1089–1097.  PMCID: PMC6143122
5. Gorshkov K. et al.(+9)(2019): Zika Virus: Origins, Pathological Action, and Treatment Strategies Front. Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.03252
6. Muñoz L.S., et al. (2017): Neurological Implications of Zika Virus Infections in Adults   J.Infect. Dis. 216 (Suppl.10): S897-S905.
7. Caires-Júnior L.C. et al.(+41)(2018): Discordant congenital Zika syndrome twins show differential in vitro viral susceptibility of neural progenitor cells  Nat.Commun. 9: 475  PMCID: PMC5797251  doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-02790-9
8. Urbán N., Guillemot F.(2014): Neurogenesis in the embryonic and adult brain: same regulators, different roles Front.Cell.Neurosci. 8: 396.PMCID: PMC4245909 doi: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00396
9. Alvarez-Buylla A., Garcia-Verdugo J.M.(2002): Neurogenesis in Adult Subventricular Zone J.Neurosci. 22: 629-634. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-03-00629.2002
10. Cornell B., Toyo-oka K. (2017): Front.Mol.Neurosci. 10: 318. PMCID: PMC5643407                       doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00318
11. Lima G.P. et al.(2019): Factors associated with the development of Congenital Zika Syndrome: a case-control study   BMC Infect.Dis. 19: 277. doi:10.1186/s12879-019-3908-4
12. Chen H.I. et al.(2019): Applications of Human Brain Organoids to Clinical Problems
Developmental Dynamics 248: 53-64.  https://doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.24662
13. Brault J.B. et al.(2016): Comparative analysis between flaviviruses reveals specific neural stem cell tropism for Zika virus in the mouse developing neocortex. EBioMedicine 10: 71–76. PMCID: PMC5006693  doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.07.018
14. Wen Z. et al.(2017): How does Zika virus cause microcephaly?  Genes & Dev. 31: 849-861.
doi: 10.1101/gad.298216.117
CLINICAL  TRIALS
for history:  Actuality 2017/Zika virus/.....Zika vaccine constructs ...
                             Actuality 2018 / Zika virus/ ..... Clinical trials ...


Purified inactivated Zika virus: conventional active immunization

1. NCT02963909 / situation on 08-12-2019: Completed 
A Phase 1, First-in-human, Double-blinded, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial of a Zika Virus Purified Inactivated Vaccine (ZPIV) With Alum Adjuvant in Healthy Flavivirus-naive and Flavivirus-Primed Subjects
Study Start Date: November 1, 2016
Completion Date: October 30, 2018

Location: US Maryland
Sponsors and Collaborators: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Preliminary Publication 
Modjarrad K. et al (+36)
Lancet 391: 563-571. (2018)
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33106-9
At present, no other results available.

2. NCT03008122 / situation on 08-12-2019: Recruiting
Phase I, Randomized, Double-blinded, Placebo-Controlled Dose De-escalation Study to Evaluate Safety and Immunogenicity of Alum Adjuvanted Zika Virus Purified Inactivated Vaccine (ZPIV) in Adults in a Flavivirus Endemic Area
Study Start Date: February 24, 2017
Estimated Study Completion Date: January 15, 2020
Location: Puerto Rico
Sponsors and Collaborators:
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
At present, neither preliminary publications nor results available.

3.
NCT02952833 situation on 08-12-2019: Completed
ZIKA Vaccine in Naive Subjects
(Phase 1, Double-blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study of the Safety and Immunogenicity of Alum Adjuvanted Zika Virus Purified Inactivated Vaccine (ZPIV) Administered by the Intramuscular Route in Flavivirus Naïve Adult Subjects)

Study Start Date: October 14, 2016
Completion Date: December 5, 2018
Location: US Missouri
Sponsors and Collaborators: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Preliminary Publication
Modjarrad K. et al (+36) Lancet 391: 563-571. (2018)
At present, no other results available.


Plasmid DNA vaccine coding for virus surface structural proteins 'prM-E' or 'M-E'
1. NCT02809443situation on 08-12-2019: Completed
Study of GLS-5700 in Healthy Volunteers
Study Start Date: July, 2016
Completion Date: December, 2017
Location: US Florida, US Pennsylvania, Canada
Sponsors and Collaborators: GeneOne Life Science,Inc.;  Inovio Pharmaceuticals 
Preliminary Report
Tebas P. et al (2017): Safety and Immunogenicity of
an Anti-Zika Virus DNA Vaccine - Preliminary Report N Engl J Med. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1708120
At present, no other results available.  

2. NCT02887482 situation on 08-12-2019: Completed
Study of GLS-5700 in Dengue Virus Seropositive Adults
Study Start Date: August, 2016
Completion Date: June, 2018
Location: Puerto Rico
Sponsors and Collaborators: GeneOne Life Science,Inc.;  Inovio Pharmaceuticals
At present, neither preliminary publications nor results available.
                                    
3.
NCT02840487 situation on 08-12-2019: Completed
Safety and Immunogenicity of a Zika Virus DNA Vaccine, VRC-ZKADNA085-00-VP, in Healthy Adults
Study Start Date: August 2, 2016
Completion Date: March 14, 2019
Location: US Georgia, US Maryland
Sponsors and Collaborators: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Publications
Fauci A.S., Morens D.M.(2016): N Engl J Med. 2016 Feb 18;374(7):601-4.                
                                                                  doi: 10.1056/NEJMp1600297.
Gaudinski M.R. et al (+35) Lancet 391: 552-562.(2018)  doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33105-7.

4. NCT02996461 situation on 08-12-2019: Completed
VRC 320: A Phase I, Randomized Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of a Zika Virus DNA Vaccine, VRC-ZKADNA090-00-VP, Administered Via Needle and Syringe or Needle-free Injector, PharmaJet, inHealthy Adults
Study Start Date: December 12, 2016
Completion Date: September 3, 2019
Location: US Maryland
Sponsors and Collaborators: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
Publications
Dowd K.A. et al (+30): Science 354: 237-240 (2016)
Gaudinski M.R. et al (+35) Lancet 391: 552-562.(2018)  doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33105-7.

5. 
NCT03110770 / situation on 08-12-2019: Active
VRC705: A Zika Virus DNA Vaccine in Healthy Adults and Adolescents  (VRC-ZKADNA090-00-VP  in  Phase 2)
Study Start Date: March 29, 2017
Estimated Primary Completion Date: January, 2020
Estimated Study Completion Date: January, 2020
Location: US Florida, US Texas, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico
Sponsors and Collaborators: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), The Emmes Company LLC, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., FHI 360, PPD
Publications
Dowd K.A. et al (+30): Science 354: 237-240 (2016)
Gaudinski M.R. et al (+35)  Lancet 391: 552-562.(2018)  doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33105-7.


messenger RNA (mRNA) Vaccine coding for virus surface structural proteins
1. NCT03014089situation on 08-12-2019: Completed
Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of mRNA-1325 in Healthy Adult Subjects
Study Start Date: December, 2016
Completion Date: February, 2019
Location: US California, US Florida, US Illinois
Sponsors and Collaborators: ModernaTX Inc., Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority
At present, neither preliminary publications nor results available.

2. NCT04064905 / situation on 08-12-2019: Recruiting
Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of Zika Vaccine mRNA-1893 in Healthy Flavivirus Seropositive and Seronegative Adults
Study Start Date: July 30, 2019
Estimated Study Completion Date: July, 2021

Location: US Nebraska, US Texas, Puerto Rico
Sponsors and Collaborators: ModernaTX Inc., Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority
At present, neither preliminary publications nor results available.


Recombinant measles vaccine coding for virus surface antigens
1. NCT02996890 / situation on 08-12-2019: Completed
Zika-Vaccine Dose Finding Study Regarding Safety, Immunogenicity and Tolerability

Study Start Date: April 4, 2017
Completion Date: April 17, 2018
Location: Austria
Sponsors and Collaborators: Themis Bioscience GmbH
At present, neither preliminary publications nor results available. A related publication found:
Nürnberger C., et al. (2019): J.Virol. 93(3)  PMCID: PMC6340036  doi: 10.1128/JVI.01485-18

2. NCT04033068 / situation on 08-12-2019: Recruiting
Safety and Immunogenicity of a Novel Vaccine Formulation MV-ZIKA-RSP (MV-ZIKA-RSP)
Study Start Date: August 8, 2019
Estimated Study Completion Date: September 3, 2020
Location: Austria
Sponsors and Collaborators: Themis Bioscience GmbH
Preliminary publication
Rossi Sh.L. et al.(2019): J.Infect.Dis. 220: 735-742. 
PMCID: PMC6667792  doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiz202




Source: ClinicalTrials.gov
                PubMed


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